Towards a “City in Nature”: evaluating the cultural ecosystem services approach using online public participation GIS to support urban green space management

The concept of cultural ecosystem services has been increasingly influential in both environmental research and policy decision making, such as for urban green spaces. However, its popular definitions tend to conflate “services” with “benefits”, making it challenging for planners to employ them directly to manage urban green spaces. Thus, attempts have been made to redefine cultural ecosystem services as the function of cultural activities in environmental spaces which result in people’s enjoyment of cultural ecosystem benefits. The operability of such a redefinition needs to be evaluated, which this study seeks to achieve with Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park in Singapore presenting itself as a prime case study research area. Transdisciplinary mixed methods of a public participation geographic information system, which leverages on spatial data from public park users, and social media text mining analysis via Google reviews were used. A wealth of cultural ecosystem services and benefits were reported in the park, especially the recreational and aesthetic services and experiential benefits. Policy and methodological implications for future research and urban park developments were considered. Overall, this paper would recommend the employment of the redefined cultural ecosystem services approach to generate relational, data-driven and actionable insights to better support future urban green space management.Ministry of Education (MOE)Nanyang Technological UniversityPublished versionThe research activities are funded by the National Institute of Education at the Nanyang Technological University (SUG-NAP EP3/19) and the Ministry of Education—Singapore (#Tier1 RT06/19, #Tier1 2021-T1-001-056 and #Tier2MOE-T2EP402A20-0001) acquired by EP. This work is also jointly supported Research Initiation Grant from AIT (SET-2021-R011). Co-author HHL also expresses his appreciation to the International Foundation for Science for supporting this study through its Basic Research Grant Programme (NO. I2-W-6511-1)